Fujifilm patents a hybrid image sensor made of organic material and silicon

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New organic light sensor allows for higher quality photos

The basis of modern digital light sensors, used in almost all cameras, are tiny silicon photodiodes, which convert the light falling on them into electrical signals. The use of silicon has its positive and negative features. The positive features include the high manufacturability of silicon, which allows the production of sensors using traditional CMOS semiconductor manufacturing technology. The negative features of using silicon as a photosensitive material include the weak dynamic range of sensitivity of photocells and the dependence of their characteristics on many conditions, such as ambient temperature. Through the joint efforts of specialists from Panasonic and Fujifilm, a light-sensitive sensor was developed, which is based on organic semiconductor materials, and which does not have some of the disadvantages inherent in silicon sensors.

The new light sensor technology was presented by researchers at the 2013 VLSI Technology Symposium, held recently in Kyoto, Japan. Instead of a layer of silicon semiconductor junctions, the new sensor uses a layer of organic light-sensitive material that converts light into electrical signals. In the image below, you can see in a simplified form the difference between the structures of conventional silicon sensors and the new organic sensor.

As you can see in the image above, the image coverage area of ​​an organic light sensor is much wider than the coverage area of ​​a silicon sensor. This will make it possible to make new sensors smaller, or to obtain much higher quality images using the same sensor size. From the point of view of the quality of the resulting image, an increase in dynamic range leads to an increase in light sensitivity, which has an extremely beneficial effect on the quality of images, especially those taken in low light conditions. In the image below you can see the difference in image quality provided by the wider dynamic range of the organic sensor.

Sensors with higher dynamic range can detect subtler differences in the color and brightness of the subject being photographed. According to calculations carried out by SLR Lounge specialists, the new organic light sensor has a dynamic range of 29.2 units. For comparison, the Nikon D800E, which is the camera with the widest dynamic range, has a value of 15.3 units. It's worth adding that dynamic range values ​​are logarithmic, so the difference between 15 and 29 is a very significant improvement in digital photography technology.

But, like any barrel of honey, there is a fly in the ointment. Unfortunately, at this point in time there is no acceptable technological method in which such sensors can be produced in large quantities at low cost. Without a doubt, after some time the technology for the production of organic sensors will be developed, but first of all it will be used for the manufacture of surveillance cameras, cameras for various special equipment, and only after some time such technology will reach the level of conventional consumer electronics.

Fujifilm FinePix F300EXR Review

Hybrid autofocus in Fujifilm matrices

The Fujifilm FinePix F300EXR model uses a hybrid autofocus system - contrast and phase detection. For the first time, phase detection autofocus elements are built directly into the SuperCCD EXR sensor. The operating principle is the same as that used in external phase detection autofocus sensors of SLR cameras. The result is a very high autofocus speed of 0.158 seconds (according to Fujifilm) .

Used illustrations presented by Fujifilm at Photokina 2010.

Some of the matrix elements ( Phase Detection pixels ) have a mask - darkening on one side. Such elements can be used not only to form an image, but also - most importantly! – for phase detection autofocus. Pairs of masked elements A-B are placed evenly within the central rectangular area of ​​the frame. There are several tens of thousands of pairs of such elements in total.

Contrast autofocus is common in compact cameras and is also used in DSLRs in Live View mode. The focusing lens of the lens moves back and forth along the optical axis of the lens. A search is made for the position at which the contrast of the image on the matrix is ​​maximum.

The advantage is accuracy, even when the subject is not in the center of the frame.

Phase autofocus, guided by signals from the sensor (which in this case is a group of masked cells of the main matrix), calculates the magnitude and direction of shift of the focusing lens, after which the lens is shifted to the desired position immediately, in one step.

The advantage is speed and accuracy, even when shooting at the telephoto zoom position.

The hybrid autofocus system switches between contrast autofocus and phase detection autofocus depending on the shooting situation.

Phase detection autofocus mechanism

The matrix elements used for phase detection are masked. Due to this, the light flux reaches them in different ways, from different directions. It is as if two images are obtained - one is formed by group of elements A, the other by group of elements B.

The following illustration is best viewed from right to left.

Rays of light from an object (herringbone, Subject ) pass through the lens and are focused at a point ( Focus Point ). If the focusing lens ( lens ) is in the correct position, then the Focus Point falls into the plane of the matrix ( SuperCCD EXR ). The image will be in focus.

If the image is defocused (that is, the lens is in the wrong position - this is the case shown in the illustration), then the groups of elements A and B form two images, shifted relative to each other ( A plane and B plane ). By analyzing the discrepancy between these two images (the red double-sided arrow between the two Christmas trees), the processor calculates the direction and amount by which the focusing lens needs to be moved. Finally, the lens moves, the image is precisely focused on the plane of the matrix (and the two images formed by groups A and B merge into one) - we get a sharp picture (herringbone on the left).

According to Fujifilm measurements, phase detection autofocus speed reaches 0.158 seconds.

Why silicon photonics is considered the source of the next information revolution

It is possible that someday, using silicon photonics, the entire huge data center could be turned into a single hyperscalable computer, and if we take into account the successes achieved by that time in the field of artificial intelligence, it is not difficult to imagine something like the Ocean on Solaris, described by Stanislav Lem [ 1] . In the meantime, current servers and data centers resemble PCs in their condition before the advent of SATA and USB: inside there are awkward ribbon cables, outside there are serial and parallel ports for a mouse, keyboard and speakers. But already in 2025, the picture will become different: everything will be unified and connected via optical fiber, which will provide a qualitatively different approach to a number of tasks, in particular, to scaling and high-performance computing. And all this will be possible thanks to advances in silicon photonics.

Content

Silicon photonics is the synergy of two groups of technologies - electronics and optics, which makes it possible to fundamentally change the data transmission system at distances from millimeters to thousands of kilometers. In terms of significance, the result of the introduction of silicon photonics is compared with the invention of semiconductors, because its implementation allows for many years to come to maintain the effect of Moore's law, which forms the basis for the development of information and communication technologies.

For those interested in the fundamental principles of this area, we can recommend the popular science book “Silicon Photonics: Fueling the Next Information Revolution” (Daryl Inniss, Roy Rubenstein “Silicon Photonics: Fueling the Next Information Revolution”), published in 2017. More serious introductions to silicon photonics are the book “Silicon Photonics III: Systems and Applications” by a group of authors and “Silicon Photonics: An Introduction” (Graham T. Reed, Andrew P. Knights). There are also several useful materials on this topic on the Mellanox website [2] [3].

How it works

If we limit ourselves to practical applications to computing, then, as in the case of electronics, optics and solid state physics can be left aside. To understand at a system level, the most superficial information about the subject is sufficient. It would seem that everything is obvious: the sequence of electrical signals is converted by the transmitter T into a sequence of optical signals. It travels along the cable to the receiver R, which returns them to electrical form. Several types of lasers can be used as light sources, and single- or multimodal cables can be used for transmission.

But we should not forget about the scientific and engineering complexity of the problems that arise when implementing the principles of silicon photonics. It can be judged by the fact that the first experimental work in this direction dates back to the mid-80s of the twentieth century, attempts at commercial development were made in the early 2000s, and the first commercial results were obtained only after 2016. Fourty years. Despite the fact that the practical use of fiber optic communications began in the mid-sixties, and experimental work began much earlier.

The crux of the problem with silicon-based materials is their inability to operate at the same frequencies used in fiber optics, and the use of alternative materials is practically impossible for economic reasons. Enormous investments have been made in existing semiconductor manufacturing technologies. To implement the principles of silicon photonics, they need to be adapted to existing technologies. A solution may be to include miniature receivers and transmitters in the microcircuits and lay the corresponding waveguides between them. This is a most difficult engineering and technical task, which, as of 2017, has been solved.

Intel managed to do this before others - the corporation has already offered its products to the market. We should expect announcements from IBM soon, followed by Mellanox, Broadcom, Ciena, Juniper and a number of other major companies. At the same time, startups that have achieved success are being bought up. The process has begun, but not quickly. The difficulties are caused by the fact that creating new products requires significant funds and time, which gives advantages to the largest vendors.

Four levels of communication

Silicon photonics technologies already make it possible to create 100 Gbit Ethernet, and in the foreseeable future 400 Gbit and 1 Tbit. Such data exchange rates open up opportunities for the convergence of modern architectures into qualitatively new ones - at the RSA (Rack-Scale Architecture) rack level and at the ESSA (Extended-scale system architecture) data center level. The limit of the first is limited to the so-called pod (one or more racks), the second covers the entire data center. The components of these infrastructures communicate remotely via the PCIe bus (PCIe-bus interconnects at a distance).

Using silicon photonics, a hierarchical communication system is created, divided into 4 levels:

Level 1 “Chip” : The implementation of silicon photonics technologies inside a chip is interesting for several reasons:

• There are significantly more chips than racks, therefore, the need for receivers and transmitters is great, and these technologies will develop rapidly.
• Off-chip communication speeds will increase significantly, so system design principles may change significantly.
• In the long term, one can imagine that optical communications can be used between chip components, for example, for exchange between cores. But at such short distances, copper will retain its position for a long time.

Level 2 “Platform” : The platform for assembling data centers can be traditional 19-inch racks or assemblies from them, called pods (from the English pod - shell, container, assembly of rocket engines). The atoms from which platforms are assembled become individual chips; components such as servers and classic motherboards remain in the past. The transition from servers to platforms is called server disaggregation; a separate TAdviser publication is dedicated to it.

Level 3 “Data Center” : Further advancement of disaggregation to the data center level will become possible by increasing the range of silicon photonics to a distance from 500 meters to 10 kilometers.

The data center can be considered as a single computing entity and servers can be assembled in it on demand.

Level 4 “Telecom” : When transmitting data over long distances and within the urban environment (metro), optics have long been successfully used. The use of silicon photonics will not lead to any radical changes, but perhaps efficiency and quality will increase.

Analysts estimate that the quiet period ends in 2018, and in 2019-21 there will be a turning point, followed by widespread adoption of silicon photonics.

Nanocomposites based on hybrid quantum dots and PFO Text of a scientific article in the specialty "Nanotechnology"

Abstract of a scientific article on nanotechnology, author of the scientific work - Shamilov R.R., Nugaeva A.A., Chausov D.N., Belyaev V.V., Galyametdinov Yu.G.

Nanocomposites of CdSe/CdS hybrid quantum dots with conjugated polymer poly-(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) were obtained and their optical properties were studied. The optimal ratio of phosphors has been selected to produce white light emission. The results of the dependences of the luminescence intensity of the components on the excitation wavelength are presented.

Similar topics of scientific work on nanotechnology, author of the scientific work - Shamilov R.R., Nugaeva A.A., Chausov D.N., Belyaev V.V., Galyametdinov Yu.G.

Research paper on topic "Nanocomposites based on hybrid quantum dots and PFO"

R. R. Shamilov, A. A. Nugaeva, D. N. Chausov, V. V. Belyaev, Yu. G. Galyametdinov

NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON HYBRID QUANTUM DOTS AND PFO

Keywords: hybrid quantum dots, cadmium selenide, nanocomposite, PFO.

Nanocomposites of CdSe/CdS hybrid quantum dots with the conjugated polymer poly-(^^-di-^-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) were obtained and their optical properties were studied. The optimal ratio of phosphors has been selected to produce white light emission. The results of the dependences of the luminescence intensity of the components on the excitation wavelength are presented.

Key words: hybrid quantum dots, cadmium selenide, nanocomposite, PFO.

It was obtained nanocomposites of CdSe/CdS hybrid quantum dots with conjugated polymer-(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) and investigation of their optical properties. It was found the optimal ratio of the phosphors for white light emission. The results of the luminescence intensity of the components in dependence of the excitation wavelength are presented.

Quantum dots (QDs) based on cadmium chalcogenides, which have intense size-dependent luminescence, are used as phosphors for light-emitting devices [1]. Recently, there has been a tendency to obtain QDs from accessible and stable reagents using techniques used in colloidal synthesis [2]. At the same time, in order to increase the luminescent characteristics, a shell of a wider-gap semiconductor is grown on the cores of nanoparticles, thereby creating hybrid structures of the core-shell type [3].

The development of hybrid materials that combine inorganic nanoobjects—QDs and organic materials—luminescent and optically transparent polymers—is an urgent task today [4]. Solving this problem will make it possible to obtain nanocomposites that are resistant to environmental influences and have supplemented and improved optical properties [5, 6].

The most popular is the development of energy-efficient white light sources based on CT [7]. Such nanostructured composites, when used as active layers of light-emitting diodes, make it possible to combine and combine the radiation of all components in one device. The choice of QDs as phosphors for these devices is due to their increased photostability and narrow and intense emission peak, which opens up broad prospects for practical application.

In this regard, the goal of this work is to obtain nanocomposites based on hybrid CdSe/CdS QDs and optically active polymer PFO with white emission light, as well as to study their optical properties.

Luminescence and absorption spectra of the samples under study were obtained on a Cary Eclipse spectrofluorimeter (Varian) and on a scanning

dual-beam spectrometer Perkin Elmer Instrumental LAMBDA 35 UV/VIS Spectrometer, respectively.

Composite films were obtained on a Spin Coater Laurell WS-400-6NPP-LITE at a rotation speed of 1000 rpm. Quartz glasses, transparent in the UV and visible regions of the spectrum, were used as a substrate for the composite films.

Hybrid CdSe/CdS quantum dots with green (KTZEL) and red (KTKR) light emission were obtained in an aqueous-organic medium using previously described synthesis methods [8].

To obtain white radiation light, as well as a whole range of other colors besides green and red, blue radiation light is needed. Obtaining QDs with smaller sizes and, accordingly, shorter wavelength radiation is difficult due to the difficulty of stabilizing particles and their high surface energy.

In our studies, an optically active polymer, poly(9,9-di-p-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO), which has a maximum in the luminescence spectrum at a wavelength of 416 nm, was used as a source of blue radiation.

In order to obtain a composite with white light emission, separate solutions of PFO, KTZEL and KTKR were previously prepared in toluene with the same concentrations (0.33 mg/ml), having a luminescence peak in the blue, green and red regions of the optical spectrum, respectively. At the next stage, the initial solutions were mixed in different volumetric ratios to obtain a mixture emitting white light, which was controlled by a UV lamp (Aexb = 365 nm). White light emission was obtained with a ratio of 1:1429:1190 solutions of PFO, KTZEL and KTKR, respectively.

The study of spectral characteristics showed (Fig. 1) that in a mixture of PFO, KTZEL and KTKR there is a significant decrease in the emission intensity of PFO at a wavelength of 416 nm, compared to the spectrum of an individual solution

polymer (at the same concentration). At the same time, there is a slight increase in the emission intensity of quantum dots at a wavelength of 528 nm (KTZEL) and 632 nm (KTKR). This is due to the absorption of part of the light emitted by the polymer by quantum dots, which was established as a result of the overlap of the luminescence spectrum of PFO and the absorption spectra of nanoparticles.

Rice. 1 — Emission spectra of a mixture of PFO, KTZEL and KTkr (ratio 1:1429:1190) and individual solutions of these phosphors (Lvozb = 365 nm)

The resulting films of the PFO : KTZEL : KTKR composite based on this mixture under a UV lamp (Lvozb = 365 nm) also had white emission light. Analysis of the luminescence spectrum of the film (Fig. 2) showed that in the nanocomposite there is a slight increase in the luminescence intensity of the CTSEL as a result of energy transfer from the polymer and from the CTSEL due to their close location in the condensed state. There is also a change in the emission band for PFO, due to the denser arrangement of polymer chains in the composite.

Rice. 2 — Emission spectra Lvoz = 365 nm of the PFO : KTZEL : KTKR film (ratio 1 : 1429 : 1190)

The components of the resulting composite are sensitive to atmospheric oxygen, so there is a need to obtain composites in a polymer matrix that can protect them from harmful environmental influences. In this regard, the next task was to create luminescent composites based on the resulting mixture of PFO: KTZEL: KTKR with an optically transparent polymer.

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), which is optically

transparent in the visible and near-UV region of the light spectrum, and has optimal physical and mechanical properties.

To obtain white light emission in the PFO : KTZEL : KTKR - PMMA composite, it was necessary to choose a new ratio of phosphors (3: 2286: 1190), which is apparently due to the partial agglomeration of phosphors in the polymer matrix, which resulted in a change in their light output.

Composites obtained from a mixture of phosphors PFO, KTZEL and KTkr with polymethyl methacrylate contained 95% (wt.) polymer.

The luminescent properties of the PFO:KTZEL:KTkR/PMMA composite were studied both visually—by observing the glow of the sample films under a UV lamp (Lvozb = 365 nm)—and by studying the emission spectra of the resulting samples.

To study the effect of the excitation wavelength on the luminescence of the composite, excitation spectra were recorded at the emission wavelengths of the individual components PFO, KTZEL and KTKR in the composite (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3 — Excitation spectra of the PFO:KTZEL:KTKR/PMMA composite (LIZLUCH = 439 nm, 512 nm, 636 nm)

The spectra show that the intensity (maxima) of radiation, depending on the excitation wavelength, has a different dependence for each phosphor, which makes it possible to control the shades of emitted light by changing only the excitation wavelength.

The dependence of the luminescence intensity of the composite on the excitation wavelength is shown in Fig. 4.

White light emission corresponds to a spectrum at an excitation wavelength of 365 nm (dashed line). At an excitation wavelength of 330 nm, the emission intensity of KTZEL and KTKR nanoparticles increases noticeably. Consequently, with a higher intensity of their luminescence, we will observe the emission of yellow (warm) shades of light. When excited by UV light at a wavelength of 380 nm, the emission intensity of the PFO increases, resulting in a bluish (cool) tint of the emitted light. In the practical application of the resulting composite in electrical

In troluminescent devices, the same effect can be achieved by changing the applied voltage.

Rice. 4 — Emission spectra of the PFO:KTZEL:KTKR/PMMA composite at L exc 330, 365, 380 nm (ratio 3: 2286: 1190)

Nanocomposite films based on hybrid CdSe/CdS QDs and optically active DBR polymer emitting white light were obtained and studied.

The features of luminescence of the RPO:KTZEL:KTKr/PMMA composite have been studied. A different nature of the dependence of the luminescence intensity has been established.

variations of the components in the composite on the excitation wavelength, which opens up the prospect of practical application of a nanocomposite with controlled color temperature.

The study was carried out with financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of scientific project No. 1437-50095 mol_nr.

1. A.G. Vitukhnovsky, A. A. Vashchenko, V.S. Lebedev et al. // Physics and technology of semiconductors, 47, 962-969 (2013).

2. L. Liu, Q. Peng, Y. Li // Inorg. Chem. 47, 11, 5022-5028 (2008).

3. RG Chaudhuri // Chem. Rev. 112, 4, 2373-433 (2012).

4. M. Striccoli, M. L. Curri, R. Comparelli // Lecture Notes in Nanoscale Sci. and Tech. 5, 173-192 (2009).

5. H. Sharma, Sh. N. Sharma, G. Singh, SM Shivaprasad // ColloidPolym. Sci. 285. 11, 1213-1227 (2007).

6. R.R. Shamilov., Yu.G. Galyametdinov // Bulletin of Kazan Technological University. 16, 15, 322-324 (2013).

7. A.H. Aleshin // Advances in Physical Sciences, 183, 6, 657-664 (2013).

8. R.R. Shamilov, R.R. Garaishina, Yu.G. Galyametdinov // Bulletin of Kazan Technological University, 17, 7, 60-63 (2014).

Fujifilm patents a hybrid image sensor made of organic material and silicon

If the “base” of the material is organic (polymer and other structures), then such materials are called inorganic-organic; if on the contrary - organic-inorganic (metal-complex frame structures, modified materials based on clays, zeolites, etc.). In some cases, a mixture of spatially distributed phases (composite, nanocomposite) is also considered a hybrid material, for example, if nanoparticles or nanofibers are located in a polymer matrix, but it is more correct to classify only composites with fairly obvious chemical interactions between the components as hybrid materials. Many supramolecular compounds, including metal complexes, also correspond to this definition, but they are usually considered as a separate class of materials. Sometimes nanoparticles with a chemically modified surface are also classified as hybrid materials.

The main methods for producing hybrid materials are intercalation, template synthesis, sol-gel process, hydrothermal synthesis. For natural composites, the size of inorganic particles ranges from several microns to several millimeters, and therefore the material is heterogeneous, which can sometimes be seen even with the naked eye. If you reduce the size of inorganic particles of such a material to the size of the molecules of the organic part (several nanometers), you can increase the homogeneity of the composite and obtain improved or even completely new properties of the material. Such composites are often called hybrid nanomaterials.

The inorganic building blocks of such materials can be nanoparticles, macromolecules, nanotubes, layered substances (including clays, layered double hydroxides, some xerogels). The number of organic building blocks is enormous, so the number of possible combinations of organic and inorganic blocks is very large. Depending on their purpose, hybrid materials are divided into structural, functional (multifunctional) and bioinorganic. Thus, substances consisting of an inorganic matrix formed by various silicates with inclusions of organic molecules are used as photochromic (changing color when irradiated with light) and electrochromic (changing color when passing an electric charge) materials, the optical properties of which can be changed by changing the organic component. By complexing low-molecular (medicinal) substances with nano-sized particles or creating supramolecular complexes based on biopolymers, hybrid materials, nanoconjugates, “two-faced” particles (Janus particles) with specific activities of their components are obtained.

A very wide range of applications is associated with the creation of various coatings based on hybrid materials, which can have increased mechanical strength and scratch resistance. There is also the possibility of introducing additional components into such composites, which gives the coating specific, for example, hydrophobic properties. A typical area of ​​application of hybrid materials in medicine is prosthetics, since such materials have mechanical strength due to the inorganic part and good biocompatibility due to organic molecules. Hybrid solid electrolytes combine the ion- and electron-conducting properties of various organic molecules with the thermal stability and strength of an inorganic matrix. One of the most promising applications of hybrid functional materials, primarily based on various morphological derivatives of vanadium oxides, is electrode materials for modern chemical current sources. Hybrid materials are used for the production of heterosurface sorbents for chromatography, sensors, heterogeneous catalysts, magnetic fluids, substrates for enzyme immobilization, as well as sorbents for heavy metals and organic pollutants.

Medical equipment and instruments

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Fujifilm presents new developments in imaging technology at ECR 2014

FUJIFILM Europe's Medical Systems Division will present a range of innovative imaging technologies at the 20th annual European Congress of Radiology (ECR), taking place from 7-10 March in Vienna, Austria.

S-View tool for Amulet Innovality systems

The S-View image processing tool can be used to create a synthesized 2D mammographic image from data acquired in any of the two tomosynthesis modes supported by the AMULET Innovality system. “This new imaging technology allows the radiologist to obtain a view of the overall breast structure much like a conventional mammogram without exposing the patient to additional radiation,” said Hidetoshi Izawa, European Marketing Manager at FUJIFILM Europe. GmbH. S-View imaging is considered an additional diagnostic tool that can be used in conjunction with tomosynthesis slice images to aid in image interpretation and correlate structures seen in tomosynthesis with the more conventional 2D image representation. The addition of the S-View processing tool further expands Fujifilm's already rich portfolio of mammography diagnostic tools, including 3D stereoscopic digital mammography, 15- and 40-degree tomosynthesis, biopsy examinations and conventional digital mammography.

Virtual raster

FUJIFILM's innovative Virtual Grid image processing tool eliminates the effect of excess stray radiation on image quality when no grid is used. By allowing users to select a virtual "raster ratio" based on their preferences, the tool provides maximum control over the quality of the final image. In addition, a virtual raster allows you to avoid the appearance of lattice artifacts that may be present when using a physical raster.

Tomosynthesis for general radiography

The ability to reconstruct tomosynthesis images from data acquired on the Fujifilm FDR AcSelerate system has been available for several years. Fujifilm's recent addition of automatic exposure control for tomosynthesis imaging on the AcSelerate system makes it easier to select the optimal radiation dose for each exam and ensures consistent, high-quality diagnostic images without unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient.

Energy subtraction technology

Fujifilm's advanced imaging technologies are also used for dual-energy subtraction radiography on FDR AcSelerate systems. The subtraction radiography mode with two energy levels (Dual Energy Subtraction) is designed to eliminate obstacles when searching for disturbances in the pulmonary field. This mode takes two images and processes them into three separate images: a standard x-ray image, a bone-only image, and a soft tissue image. Using "multi-stage fusion" technology, Fujifilm aims to recognize and eliminate the effects of motion in dual-energy images, resulting in increased detail, especially in the area near the heart where motion cannot be avoided.